硕士研究生入学英语考试的最后一题是短文写作, 根据国家教委公布的《全国硕士研究生入学考试英语大纲》的规定,考生应能写不同类型的应用文,包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等,还应能写一般描述性、叙述性、说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时,考生应能:
1) 做到语法、拼写、标点正确,用词恰当;
2) 遵循文章的特定文体格式;
3) 合理组织文章结构,使其内容统一、连贯;
4) 根据写作目的和特定读者,恰当选用语言。
英语短文写作要求考生在40分钟内完成不少于200词的英语短文(不包括试题中所给出的短文开头的第一句话),短文必须根据考试题目和提纲所规定的范围来写。近年来作文的分数由15分提到了20分, 更加突显了写作能力的重要性。
为了使大家对考研作文有一个宏观的了解、全面的把握和准确的理解,第一天主要是向大家通报好、差作文的各种表现,剖析考研作文的命题规律,并对最新的2004年考研作文进行精评细说。“知己知彼”才能“百战不殆”!
一、细说考研作文评分标准
作为阅卷老师,评定短文写作的成绩,首先看内容是否切题, 是否符合题意的要求, 然后看语言表达是否清楚、连贯、正确,语言基本功是否扎实, 根据内容、文字、句子和用词,采用通篇分档计分,计分标准如下:
20~17分:内容切题,包括提纲的全部要点;表达清楚,文字连贯;句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
16~13分:内容切题,包括提纲的全部要点;表达比较清楚,文字基本连贯; 句式有一定变化,句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
12~10分:内容切题,基本包括提纲的要点;表达基本清楚;句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
9~5分:内容基本切题,基本包括提纲的要点;语句可以理解,但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
4~1分:基本按题写作,但只有少数句子可以理解。
0分:文不切题,语句混乱,无法理解。
此外,作文的字数也有规定,要求不少于200字,长度的具体计分标准分析:
151~160词:扣1分
141~150词:扣2.5分
131~140词:扣4分
Nothing is too difficult, if you put your heart into it.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。121~130词:扣6分
111~120词:扣8分
101~110词:扣10分
100词以下:扣12分
最后,向大家通报一下 “差作文”的种种“劣迹表现”,以防万一!
1) 不通顺,“三无”:无段落,无结构,无明显主题;
2) 笑料多,出现很多基本语法错误,拼写错误;
3) 不达意,词汇量很小,词不达意,缺乏英语表达能力;
4) 乱堆砌,不像一篇文章,仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。
二、剖析考研作文命题规律
英语短文写作主要测试考生的英语书面表达能力,其中包括词汇、句型、语法以及用英语逻辑组织短文的能力。短文的类别有命题、情景、图表、提纲等。
1)从类型上看,大体可以划分为两部分:一是从1991到1996年给出提纲或开头句的命题写作(writings based on the given outlines or opening sentences);二是从1997到2004年给出提纲的图画或图表写作(writings based on the visual information or pictures or graphs)。
2)从选题范围上看,大都是目前人们最为关注的问题,从子女与父母的关系到健康的重要性,从近年来泛滥的行业“承诺”到世界烟民的现状,从希望工程到电视广告,从环境保护到生物种类趋于灭绝,以及2002年、2003年和2004年考题所涉及的国际文化交流、青少年成才和哲理性题目,反映了当前社会的热门话题或可以用热门话题来透视的哲理性问题。
3)从文体上看,可以划分为说明文和议论文。因为考这类体裁的写作比较符合形势发展的实际需要,在学习、工作和生活中,人们所书写的材料大多也是说明文或议论文。
4)从出题形式上看,在平稳中逐渐趋于多样化。写作题目易于理解,无论以文字的形式还是以图表、图画的形式出现都浅显易懂。考生不会因题目中出现生词或难以理解的短语而影响正常发挥。
从多年辅导和阅卷的情况看,考生英语作文的成绩并不理想,比如,2004年的500份考卷抽样分析的结果是:成绩好的(17分以上)约为12%;比较好的(15分左右)为约30%;差的(10分以下)约为35%;很差的(少于8分)约为 23%。如果考生想在较短的时间内对考研英语写作有所认识、有所突破,首先应该了解考研英语写作常见题型,并了解各种题型的写作技巧,然后进行有针对性的练习,并且研读相关范文。
为此,我们将考研英语写作中已经出现过的和尚未出现的(漏网之鱼,嘿!)题型基本分为如下八类:图画式、图表式、提纲式、情景式、摘要式、书信式、主题句式、关键词式。在今后近一个月中,我们将从基础入手,并辅以专项训练,还会介绍各种题型的写作要点和分析方法,叫一声“芝麻开门”,打开一个“宝库”;然后,抽调该类型当年的高分实考样卷,对“原汁原味”的材料加以点评(偶或兼评低分样卷);紧接着就是我们特别奉献的“友情提示”,即与考试准备有关的“小提小醒”,力求万无一失;最后,归纳总结出“秘密武器”式的最最经典的惯用表达、句式结构等,以“他山之石”,攻“作文之玉”。
三、精评2004年考研作文
多少年来,大家一直都是在当学生写作文,今天就换一个角色,当一回老师判作文,这可绝非仅仅寻求感觉的刺激!最重要的是,我们要用上面讲的高分作文的评判标准和差作文的劣迹表现,分别对2004年漫画考题的高、低分实考样卷进行评判打分,然后“对症下药”、“量体裁衣”,才有出奇的效果啊!
As every thread of gold is valuable, so every moment of time.
一寸光阴一寸金。
2004年考研作文实例:
Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
终点又是新起点
1) describe the drawing,
2) interpret its meaning, and
3) support your view with example.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
高分作文:
The cartoon depicts a vivid picture in which an athlete, dripping sweat, is rushing to the end. Obviously, he wins the match, but this is not the key message conveyed by the picture. The most striking feature of the drawing is that the same line is marked as both “the start” and “the end”, which indicates that although the athlete came to the finish, a new race is waiting for him.
The idea conveyed by the cartoon is apparent: the end is a new start. It is widely accepted that we should not be satisfied with the present achievement, for nowadays new challenges and competition never stop. The market economy and competitive society drives many people studying hard for higher academic degrees, some of them even seeking the opportunities to study abroad. We should spare no efforts improving ourselves, master high technology and professional skills. Then we can make use of it to devote ourselves to society.
Take my father as an example. He was denied higher education for historical reasons. But by self?study he became a technician in a factory. Many people thought he was content. But he never stopped studying. He took courses of law in his spare time. Later he became a lawyer. “The finishing point is just a new starting point”, he said to me. (219 words)
该文在2004年的考研阅卷中获得18分(满分20分)的好成绩,是有原因的。内容切题,表达清楚,语义连贯,最大的特点是句式富有变化,基本功扎实。文章的第一句,作者就用了定语从句、分词结构两种形式,使阅卷人眼前一亮,接下来分析图画的寓意,也很简洁到位。最后一段的举例也是一个亮点,运用父亲不断学习的事例来进一步论证观点,具体而贴切,不落俗套。另外,句子结构和用词正确,但也有个别错误,如上文第二段标出的“master”与“improve”并列,应用“mastering”的形式,但毕竟“瑕不掩瑜”。
低分作文:
All things in their being are good for something.
天生我才必有用。The place of end point is also the starting point. From the picture, we can see a young man who is running toward the end point, it?s very clearly to show that every one of us must effort and can?t stop for the aim of us in the fierce competition society. As we all know, firstly, a young man who study and work in the modern society need have a spirit of to study hard and activity, to keep a good situation and position.
For instance, this year is my ninth year after when I graduated, after nine years, I?m always felling need to continue study to improve my knowledge of major. because, this society developing is so rapidly, if I can?t catch more knowledge of now about my major, I will can?t keep the continous developing society. So I think, personally, It?s like the sportman of the picture that only continue to run and effort toward the place of end point, that is necessary to young people in the society.
In summary, my final conclusion is only to continue running toward end place and the place is also a new stating for another aim, only so. It?s a spirit of all young people. although the road is very hardship. but this is very important to us. (216 words)
这篇文章得分6分,远远低于及格分12分,可能作者还有点“委屈”,“我的字数也符合要求,也是三段,也有举例,也有分析,为什么这么不公平呢?”其实,文章虽然基本包括了题目所要求的内容,但条理不清,语言错误很多,其中很多是严重的错误,如文中用黑体标记出的地方。
怎么样?通过对2004年漫画考题的高、低分实考样卷进行研读,你是不是对自己的作文档次有了一个初步的估计?对自己今后在写作方面的发展方向有了一个清楚的认识?能做到这一点,你今天的学习就达标了。
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